The Physical layer is concerned with network media and signaling. This layer produces the representation and groupings of bits as voltages, radio frequencies, or light pulses. Various standards

Baseband refers to the original frequency range of a transmission signal before it is converted, or modulated, to a different frequency range. For example, an audio signal may

Broadband internet speeds let users take advantage of technologies including videoconferencing via computers, voice calls over computers and streaming high quality audio and video. The major types of

A repeater is a device similar to the Hub, but has additional features. It also works in the Physical layer. The repeaters are used in places where amplification

A combination of two or more different topologies makes for a hybrid topology. When different topologies are connected to one another, they do not display characteristics of any one

A network setup where each computer and network device is interconnected with one another, allowing for most transmissions to be distributed, even if one of the connections go

Ring Topology is where each node connects exactly to two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each node in a ring. This section will analyze

Imagine a hierarchy of network nodes, with the root node serving client nodes, that in turn serve other lower-level nodes. The top-level node is mostly a mainframe computer

Star Topology is the most common type of network topology that is used in homes and offices. In the Star Topology there is a central connection point called

Bus Topology is the simplest of network topologies. In this type of topology, all the nodes (computers as well as servers) are connected to the single cable (called bus),